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Larry Sanger
Da Cantiere.
Versione del 6 mar 2009 alle 07:59 di QuackGuru (Discussione) (Moving "LaunchingPlan" reference from lead to body of article.)
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After departing from Wikipedia in 2002, Sanger became critical of Wikipedia.<ref name="Australian IT"/> He articulated that despite the projects merits, the encyclopedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, its lack of respect for expertise.<ref name="Jettison"/> In the interim, he taught philosophy at Ohio State University<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> and was an early strategist for the expert-authored Encyclopedia of Earth.<ref name="Terdiman"/> On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia.<ref name="LaunchingPlan"/> It was launched on March 25, 2007.<ref name="Brian Bergstein"/> Citizendium represents an effort to become a credible encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson"/> Sanger aims to bring more accountability to the internet encyclopedia model.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire"/>
He presently serves full-time as the volunteer editor-in-chief of Citizendium<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire"/> and works part-time as a writer, speaker, and consultant on the topic of collaborative online communities.<ref name="Internet Consulting">{{
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Indice
Early life and education
Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, and raised in Anchorage, Alaska.<ref name="Chillingworth">{{
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"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears."<ref name="Marshall Poe">{{#if:Poe |{{ #if: |[[ |Poe{{ #if: Marshall |, Marshall }}]] |Poe{{ #if: Marshall |, Marshall }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: |; |{{#if:| & |; }} }}{{ #if: |[[ |{{ #if: |, }}]] |{{ #if: |, }} }}{{ #if: |; et al. }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:September 2006|September 2006| }} | ({{#if:September 2006|September 2006| }}){{ #if: | [{{{YearNote}}}] }} }} |{{ #if: |{{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }} }}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if: | et al. }} }} }}, ed{{#if:|s}}{{#ifeq:.|.||.}}{{ #if: {{#if:September 2006|September 2006| }} | ({{#if:September 2006|September 2006| }}) }} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||The Hive}} |{{ #if:Poe |. }}{{#if: {{ #if: | |{{ #if: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |{{ #if: |http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }} }} }} | [{{ #if: | |{{ #if: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |{{ #if: |http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }} }} }} {{ #if: |{{#if:||The Hive}} |"{{#if:||The Hive}}" }}] | {{ #if: |{{#if:||The Hive}} |"{{#if:||The Hive}}" }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #ifeq: | | |{{ #if: Poe{{#if:||The Hive}} |. written at }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: Poe |. {{ #if: {{#if:||The Hive}} |in }}{{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven1}}} }}}}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven2}}} }} }}{{ #if: |; {{ #if: |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }}]] |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{ #if: |, {{{EditorGiven3}}} }} }}{{ #if: | et al. }} }} }}{{ #if: {{#if:||The Hive}} | |. ed{{#if:|s}}{{#ifeq:.|.||.}} }} }} }}{{ #if: |{{ #if: Poe |. }}{{ #if: {{#if:|The Hive}} |"{{#if: {{ #if: {{#if:||The Hive}} |{{ #if: |{{ #if: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |{{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }} }} }} |{{ #if: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 |http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2 | {{ #if: | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid= }}
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}}{{#if:||.}}</cite>Ben Kovitz wrote on his Wikipedia user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Wikipedia, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias and make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost never happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."</ref> Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.<ref name="lets make a wiki"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news" {{
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}}{{#if:
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}}{{#if:||.}}</cite></ref><ref name="Larry Sanger Article History">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jimmy Wales Article History">Template:Citation/core</ref> citing press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002 - 2004,<ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2002">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2003">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2004">Template:Cite news</ref> and asserting that early media coverage articles<ref name="Sanger-NYTimes">Template:Cite news"I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.</ref><ref name="Judy Heim">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Kendra Mayfield">Template:Cite news</ref> described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="SangerLinks"/> In review, Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="memoirofwiki">Template:Cite news—Larry Sanger.
•
Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Michael Singer">Template:Cite news</ref> During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="Sanger-NYTimes"/><ref name="SangerLinks"/> Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a co-founder.<ref name="Wikipedia co-foundership references">Template:Cite news
•
Template:Cite news
•
Template:Cite news
•
Template:Cite news
•
Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="JayLyman">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Marie Boran">Template:Cite news</ref> Wikipedia became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia,<ref name="Joe Blundo">Template:Cite news</ref> originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.<ref name="MarshallPoe"/>
After Wikipedia
After Sanger parted ways with Wikipedia in 2002 he became critical of the project.<ref name="Australian IT">Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.<ref name="Jettison">Template:Cite news</ref> While stating "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems, he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise."<ref name="Jettison"/> The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.<ref name="Daniel H Pink">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Daniel Terdiman">Template:Cite news</ref>
Sanger, a philosophy instructor,<ref name="Rachel Aviv">Template:Cite news</ref> began work as a lecturer at Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/><ref name="Alan_Boraas"/> In his spare time, he plays and teaches Irish traditional music on the fiddle in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and also manages a site about the Donegal fiddle tradition.<ref name="Donegal fiddle music">Template:Cite news</ref>
In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.<ref name="DigitalUniverse">Template:Cite news</ref> He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.<ref name="Digital_Universe">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Contributor: Sanger">Template:Cite news</ref> The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth,<ref name="Terdiman">Template:Cite news</ref> an electronic reference about the Earth.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Earth">Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.<ref name="Text and Collaboration">Template:Cite news</ref>
At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium, a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork are to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences will be no anonymous editing — every author/editor will have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors, and to aspire to be a "real encyclopedia."<ref name="Dossier Open Source">Template:Cite news</ref> More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.<ref name="FAQ">Template:Cite news</ref> The initial fork is of the English language Wikipedia.<ref name="Ken Fisher">Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.<ref name="Citizendium">Template:Cite news</ref> On September 27, 2006 Sanger announced that he would take a leave of absence from Digital Universe "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."<ref name="LaunchingPlan">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."<ref name="Education 2.0">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, Sanger was at Oxford University to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." The discussion included whether the internet was democratising the creation and distribution of knowledge.<ref name="Andrew Keen">Template:Cite news</ref>
Citizendium launched
File:Citizendium.png
The Citizendium homepage with default format on April 4, 2008.
On March 25, 2007, Citizendium, ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.<ref name="We have launched">Template:Cite news</ref> The launch coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."<ref name="Brian Bergstein">Template:Cite news</ref> Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a British monarch,<ref name="Tom McNichol">Template:Cite news"I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.</ref> Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and in 2007 announced his intention to step off the leadership team in two or three years.<ref name="Nate Anderson">Template:Cite news</ref>
Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."<ref name="Iain Thomson">Template:Cite news</ref> Sanger stated in part:
"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."<ref name=JayLyman/>
Citizendium has a form of peer-review, reviewed by experts.<ref name="Brian Heater">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Orlowski">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AP CNN">Template:Cite news</ref> In reference to creating a new encyclopedia project Sanger stated: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."<ref name="Christopher Dawson">Template:Cite news</ref> Citizendium's editor-in-chief Sanger commented in late October 2007 about Citizendium's one-year anniversary from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006.<ref name="Richard Waters">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Citizendium After One Year">Template:Cite news</ref> According to Sanger, the Citizendium's readers have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:<ref name="CZPR-October2007"/>
"Simply put, we've pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet.<ref name="CZPR-October2007">Template:Cite newsIt has been one year since the private launch of the Citizendium (http://www.citizendium.org/) wiki, an online reference source aiming to create "the world's most trusted knowledge base." The innovative non-profit project combines free-wheeling, open wiki collaboration with real names and guidance by expert editors.</ref> The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."<ref name="oneyearandthriving">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="oneyearandthriving-explosion">Template:Cite news</ref>
When asked in an interview with The Minnesota Daily: Do you see a role for Citizendium anywhere in academia? He responded: "Of course. The idea is it will be good enough for professors to be able to send their students and students to get reliable information from. I know a lot of students use Wikipedia as a place to start to learn about a subject. For that purpose it's fine. I actually think, as a place to start to get some information, it's a fine resource. Approved articles on Citizendium hopefully will be more reliable than articles on Wikipedia."<ref name="Leider">Template:Cite news</ref>
Citizendium v. Wikipedia
Building on Sanger's experience from other collaborative encyclopedias,<ref name="Sidener"/> Citizendium represents an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson"/><ref name="Nate Anderson"/> Sanger aims to improve upon the wiki-based encyclopedia model by bringing more accountability and academic quality to articles.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire">Template:Cite news</ref> In an interview with CNET News in 2007 Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:
"I think we absolutely need another wiki--first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It's a good starting place, as people say--on some subjects anyway--but it isn't really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don't think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that's really reliable."<ref name="Neha Tiwari">Template:Cite news</ref>
While Citizendium is wiki-based, several aspects set it apart from Wikipedia.<ref name="Holden Frith"/><ref name="Justin Appel">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jason Z Cohen">Template:Cite news</ref> Prospective contributors on Citizendium are required to sign in using real names.<ref name="Candace Lombardi">Template:Cite news</ref> In contrast, users to Wikipedia may contribute anonymously, or choose one or a series of user names that have no connection to their true names.<ref name="Bill Thompson">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Chris Maxcer">Template:Cite news</ref> Experts in their field of expertise have a role in the Citizendium community to approve articles on the basis of accuracy,<ref name="Nate Anderson"/> as opposed to the Good Article and the Featured Article systems on Wikipedia that employs a review by editors.<ref name="David Fuchs">Template:Cite news</ref> While Wikipedia is perceived to promote consensus and not truth,<ref name="Oliver Kamm">Template:Cite news</ref> and verifiability is the inclusion criteria - reporting on what other sources have to say,<ref name="Andrew Hendry">Template:Cite news</ref> Citizendium experts have the final say for article content<ref name="Ken Fisher"/> and it is not necessary to verify information for a content decision on Citizendium.<ref name="CZ:We are not Wikipedia">Template:Cite news</ref> Finally, while vandalization of articles takes up time and effort on the part of Wikipedia's editors to uncover and revert,<ref name="Jenny Kleeman">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jim Davis">Template:Cite news</ref> Citizendium presumably aims to prevent vandalism.<ref name="Caroline McCarthy">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Brock Read">Template:Cite news</ref>
Selected writings
A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:<ref name="Larry_Sanger">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Academic work
- Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.<ref name="Sanger Works"/>
- Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.<ref name="Enlightenment"/>
- Essays
- The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia (160k PDF). Episteme - Edinburgh University Press, February 2009.
- Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge. Edge Foundation - Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
- Education 2.0. The Focus Online, June 2007.
- Why the Citizendium Will (Probably) Succeed. Citizendium, March 2007.
- Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge. Citizendium, September 2006.
- Humanity's Coming Enlightenment. Edge Foundation - World Question Center, 2007.
- The Future of Free Information. The Digital Universe Journal, 2006.
- Presentations
- What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of Society for Scholarly Publishing, San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
- How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals. Keynote at the Handelsblatt IT Congress, Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
- Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?. Opening keynote at the SDForum, The Business of New Media, Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.
References
External links
- Larry Sanger - Sanger's personal website.
- User:Larry Sanger - Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
- User:Larry Sanger - An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
- User:Larry Sanger - Meta-Wikimedia - "Possibly outdated," he says.
- Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - index.
- Introductory philosophy lectures - From Sanger's 1998 course at Ohio State University which have been greatly edited.
- Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium - Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.
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