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History of Wikipedia (en.wiki)

Da Cantiere.
Versione del 23 mar 2009 alle 23:23 di Christian (Discussione | contributi) (Founding of Wikipedia: :tagli)


Analisi della voce History of Wikipedia presa da en.wiki, 23 marzo 2009, ore 4:00

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History overview

Namespaces and internationalization

Early in Wikipedia's development, it began to expand internationally, with the creation of new namespaces, each with a distinct set of usernames. The first domain created for a non-English Wikipedia was deutsche.wikipedia.com (created on Template:Date, 01:38 UTC),<ref>Alternative language wikipedias</ref> followed after a few hours by Catalan.wikipedia.com (at 13:07 UTC).<ref>History of the Catalan Homepage</ref> The Japanese Wikipedia, started as nihongo.wikipedia.com, was created around that period,<ref>The Wayback Machine: An early Japanese Wikipedia HomePage (revision #3), dated Template:Date 23:00. Accessed Template:Date.</ref><ref>An Internet Archive's snapshot of English Wikipedia HomePage, dated Template:Date, showing links to the three first sister projects, "Deutsch (German)", "Catalan", and "Nihongo (Japanese)".</ref> and initially used only Romanized Japanese. For about two months Catalan was the one with the most articles in a non-English language,<ref>Multilingual monthly statistics</ref><ref>First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia</ref> although statistics of that early period are imprecise.<ref>This table, for instance, misses Japanese and German articles such as this one and this one, both dated Template:Date.</ref> The French Wikipedia was created on or around Template:Date,<ref>The Documentation on the French Wikipedia mentions the date of Template:Date, but this date is not supported by Wikipedia snapshots on the Internet Archive, nor by Jason Richney's letter, which was dated Template:Date (see below).</ref> in a wave of new language versions that included also Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish.<ref>Letter of Jason Richey to wikipedia-l mailing list Template:Date</ref> These languages were soon joined by Arabic<ref>HomePage from the Internet Archive</ref> and Hungarian.<ref>Wikipedia:Announcements May 2001</ref><ref>International_Wikipedia</ref> In September 2001, an announcement pledged commitment to the multilingual provision of Wikipedia,<ref>Wikipedia: Announcements 2001</ref> notifying users of an upcoming roll-out of Wikipedias for all major languages, the establishment of core standards, and a push for the translation of core pages for the new wikis. At the end of that year, when international statistics first began to be logged, Afrikaans, Norwegian, and Serbian versions were announced.<ref>International wikipedias statistics</ref>

In January 2002, 90% of all Wikipedia articles were in English. By January 2004, less than 50% were English, and this internationalization has continued to increase. As of 2007, around 75% of all Wikipedia articles are contained within non-English Wikipedia versions.

Development

In March 2002, following the withdrawal of funding by Bomis, Larry Sanger left both Nupedia and Wikipedia. Initially amicable, by 2004 differences between Sanger and Wales had driven a wedge between them, centering upon Sanger's criticism of Wikipedia's approach, his role in Wikipedia's success, and their views on how best to manage open encyclopedias (see Early roles of Wales and Sanger). Both still supported the open-collaboration concept, but the two differed on how best to handle disruptive editors, specific roles for experts, and the best way to guide the project to success.
File:Old Wikipedia.png
A Screenshot from the main page, Template:Date.

Wales, a believer in communal governance and "hands off" executive management, Template:Fact went on to establish self-governance and bottom-up self-direction by editors on Wikipedia. He made it clear that he would not be involved in the community's day to day management, but would encourage it to learn to self-manage and find its own best approaches. As of 2007, Wales mostly restricts his own role to occasional input on serious matters, executive activity, advocacy of knowledge, and encouragement of similar reference projects.

Sanger advocated a "two tier" expert-led culture and more "hands on" executive management, with final editorial control by chief editors closer to the traditional model. He returned briefly to academia, then after joining the Digital Universe Foundation, went on to found Citizendium, an alternative open encyclopedia which uses real names for contributors in order to reduce disruptive editing, supports the specific recognition of experts, and is governed by a system of top-down management, including himself or agreed-upon editors or committees. He has stated that he intends to leave in a few years, when the project and its management are established.<ref name="Citizendium:_building_a_better_Wikipedia">{{

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Organization

The Wikipedia project has grown rapidly in the course of its life, at several levels. Individual wikis have grown organically through the addition of new articles, new wikis have been added in English and non-English languages, and entire new projects replicating these growth methods in other related areas (news, quotations, reference books and so on) have been founded as well.

Respectively, Wikipedia itself has grown, with the creation of the Wikimedia Foundation to act as an umbrella body and the growth of software and policies to address the needs of the editorial community. These are documented below.

Historical overview by year

Articles summarizing each year are held within the Wikipedia project namespace and are linked to below. Additional resources for research are available within the Wikipedia records and archives, and are listed at the end of this article.

2000

The Nupedia project is started with Larry Sanger running the daily operations and formulating many of the initial policies.

2001

The Wikipedia.com and Wikipedia.org domain names are registered on Template:Date<ref>Network Solutions (2007) WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions Accessed Template:Date.</ref> and Template:Date,<ref>Network Solutions (2007) WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions Accessed Template:Date.</ref> respectively, with the latter being brought online on Template:Date, according to Alexa; project formally opens Template:Date ('Wikipedia Day'); the first international Wikipedias are created (March-May: French, German, Catalan, Swedish); "Neutral point of view" (NPOV) policy is formally formulated; first slashdotter wave arrives Template:Date. The first media report about Wikipedia appears in August 2001 coincidentally by the newspaper Wales on Sunday.<ref>Wales on Sunday (Template:Date) Knowledge at your fingertips. Game On : Internet Chat.(writing, "Both Encarta and Britannica are official publications with well-deserved reputations. But there are other options, such as the homemade encyclopaedias. One is Wikipedia (www. wikipedia. com) which uses clever software to build an encyclopaedia from scratch. Wiki is software installed on a web server that allows anyone to edit any of the pages. At the Wikipedia, anyone can write about any subject they know about. The idea is that over time, enough experts will offer their knowledge for free and build up the world's ultimate hand-built database of knowledge. The disadvantage is that it's still an ongoing project. So far about 8,000 articles have been written and the editors are aiming for 100,000.")</ref> The September 11, 2001 attacks spur the appearance of breaking news stories on the homepage, as well as information boxes linking related articles.<ref>October, 2001 snapshot of the homepage shows the "Breaking News" header up top as well as the September 11, 2001 block of articles under "Current events"; the 9/11 page shows the activist nature of the page, as well as the large number of subtopics created to cover the event.</ref>

2002

Year 2002 sees: the end of funding from Bomis and the departure of Larry Sanger; the forking of the Spanish Wikipedia to establish the Enciclopedia Libre; and the creation of the first portable Mediawiki software (went live Template:Date). Bots are introduced, Jimmy Wales confirms Wikipedia would never run commercial advertising, and the first sister project (Wiktionary) and first formal Manual of Style are launched. A separate board of directors to supervise the project is proposed and initially discussed at Meta-Wikipedia.

2003

Mathematical formulae using TeX are introduced; English Wikipedia passes 100,000 articles (the next largest, German, passes 10,000); the Wikimedia Foundation is established; Wikipedia adopts its jigsaw world logo; and the first Wikipedian social meeting is organized. The basic principles of Wikipedia's Arbitration system and committee (known colloquially as "Arbcom") are developed mostly by Florence Devouard, Fred Bauder and other key early Wikipedians.

2004

The worldwide Wikipedia article pool continues to grow rapidly, doubling in size in 12 months, from under 500,000 articles to over 1 million (English Wikipedia was just less than half of these) in over 100 languages. The server farms are moved from California to Florida; Categories and CSS style configuration sheets are introduced; and the first attempt to block Wikipedia occurs (China, June 2004, duration 2 weeks). Formal election of a board and ArbCom begin - Devouard is the only person elected who was instrumental in ArbCom. She and others begin to criticize balance and focus problems and lead efforts to fill in articles in neglected areas. The first formal projects are proposed to deliberately balance content and seek out systemic bias arising from Wikipedia's community structure.

2005

Multilingual and subject portals are established; the first quarter's formal fundraiser raises almost US $ 100,000 for system upgrades to handle growing demand; Wikipedia becomes the most popular reference website on the Internet according to Hitwise; China again blocks Wikipedia (October); English Wikipedia passes 750,000 articles. The first Wikipedia scandal occurs, when a well known figure is found to have a vandalized biography which had gone unnoticed for months (the "Seigenthaler incident"). In the wake of this and other concerns,<ref name="Brandt">WP:BLP started Template:Date with narrative "I started this due to the Daniel Brandt situation". [5]</ref> the first policy and system changes specifically designed to counter this form of abuse are established. These include a new Checkuser privilege policy update (checkuser is a Mediawiki tool that assists in sock puppetry investigations), a new feature called semi-protection, a more strict policy on biographies of living people and tagging of such articles for stricter review, and restriction of new article creation to registered users only.

2006

English Wikipedia gains its 1½ millionth article; the first approved Wikipedia article selection is made freely available to download; "Wikipedia" becomes registered as a trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation; The congressional aides biography scandals come to public attention: multiple incidents in which congressional staffers and a campaign manager are caught trying to covertly alter Wikipedia biographies, the campaign manager resigns.

Jimmy Wales indicates, at Wikimania 2006, that Wikipedia has achieved sufficient volume and calls for an emphasis on quality, perhaps best expressed in the call for 100,000 feature-quality articles; A new privilege "oversight" is created allowing specific versions of archived pages with unacceptable content to be marked as non-viewable; Semi-protection against anonymous vandalism, introduced in 2005, proves more successful than anticipated, with over 1,000 pages semi-protected at any given time; Wikipedia is rated as one of the top 2006 global brands.<ref>Similar Search Results: Google Wins Template:Date</ref>

2007

Wikipedia continues to grow, with some 5 million registered editor accounts;<ref>See the special page: Special:Statistics: 5,078,036 registered user accounts as at Template:Date, excluding anonymous editors who have not created accounts.</ref> the combined Wikipedias in all languages together contain 1.74 billion words in 7.5 million articles in approximately 250 languages;<ref>Source: Wikipedia:Size comparisons as at Template:Date</ref> the English Wikipedia gains a steady 1,700 articles a day,<ref>From around Q3 2006 Wikipedia's growth rate has been approximately linear, source: Wikipedia:Statistics - new article count by month 2006-2007.</ref> with the wikipedia.org domain name ranked at around the 10th busiest on the Internet (See Wikipedia Statistics); Wikipedia continues to garner visibility in the press and to slowly but steadily gain traction as a tertiary source both in serious legal decision-making and as a source of collated information on current events; the Essjay controversy breaks when a prominent member of Wikipedia is found to have lied about his credentials; Citizendium launches publicly; a trend develops that the encyclopedia addresses people whose notability stems from being a participant in a news story by adding a redirect from their name to the larger story, rather than creation of a distinct biographical article.<ref>E.g., cases such as Crystal Gail Mangum and Daniel Brandt.</ref>

2008

Various WikiProjects in many areas continue to expand and refine article contents within their scope. In April, the 10 millionth Wikipedia article was created, an article within the Hungarian Wikipedia, and, only several months later, the English Wikipedia exceeds 2.5 million articles.

2009

On March 20, 2009, Wikipedia reached 2,800,000 articles. There are currently 117 articles as of Template:Date.

History by subject area

Hardware and software

Template:Main

The software that runs Wikipedia, and the hardware, server farms and other systems upon which Wikipedia relies.
  • In January 2001, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki, written in Perl by Clifford Adams. The server has run on Linux to this day, although the original text was stored in files rather than in a database. Articles were named with the CamelCase convention.
  • In January 2002, "Phase II" of the wiki software powering Wikipedia was introduced, replacing the older UseModWiki. Written specifically for the project by Magnus Manske, it included a PHP wiki engine.
  • In July 2002, a major rewrite of the software powering Wikipedia went live; dubbed "Phase III", it replaced the older "Phase II" version, and became MediaWiki. It was written by Lee Daniel Crocker in response to the increasing demands of the growing project.
  • In October 2002, Derek Ramsey started to use a "bot", or program, to add a large number of articles about United States towns; these articles were automatically generated from U.S. census data. Occasionally, similar bots had been used before for other topics. These articles were generally well received, but some users criticized them for their initial uniformity and writing style (for example, see this version of an original bot-generated town article, and compare to current version).
  • In January 2003, support for mathematical formulas in TeX was added. The code was contributed by Tomasz Wegrzanowski.
  • Template:Date - ISBNs in articles now link to Special:Booksources, which fetches its contents from the user-editable page Wikipedia:Book sources. Before this, ISBN link targets were coded into the software and new ones were suggested on the Wikipedia:ISBN page. See the edit that changed this.
  • After Template:Date, various system messages shown to Wikipedia users were no longer hard coded, allowing Wikipedia administrators to modify certain parts of MediaWiki's interface, such as the message shown to blocked users.
  • On Template:Date, server operations were moved from San Diego, California to Tampa, Florida.<ref>{{
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  • On Template:Date, all the various websites were updated to a new version of the MediaWiki software.
  • On Template:Date, the first instances of "categorization" entries appeared. Category schemes, like Recent Changes and Edit This Page, had existed from the founding of Wikipedia. However, Larry Sanger had viewed the schemes as lists, and even hand-entered articles, whereas the categorization effort centered on individual categorization entries in each article of the encyclopedia, as part of a larger automatic categorization of the articles of the encyclopedia.<ref>"Wikipedia:Categorization", Wikipedia. Retrieved on Template:Date.</ref>
  • After Template:Date, administrators could edit the style of the interface by changing the CSS in the monobook stylesheet at MediaWiki:Monobook.css.
  • Also on Template:Date, with MediaWiki 1.3, the Template namespace was created, allowing transclusion of standard texts.<ref>"Wikipedia:Template namespace", Wikipedia. Retrieved on Template:Date.</ref>
  • On Template:Date at 3:00AM Eastern Standard Time the bulk of the Wikimedia servers were moved to a new facility across the street. All Wikimedia projects were down during this time.

Look and feel

The external face of Wikipedia, its look and feel, and the Wikipedia branding, as presented to users
  • On Template:Date Brilliant Prose, since renamed to Featured Articles,<ref>"Wikipedia:Featured articles", Wikipedia. Retrieved on Template:Date.</ref> was moved to the Wikipedia Namespace from the article namespace.
  • Around Template:Date, the current Wikipedia logo was installed. The logo concept was selected by a voting process,<ref name="logovote">{{
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}}{{#if:||.}} {{#if:|}}</ref> which was followed by a revision process to select the best variant. The final selection was created by David Friedland based on a logo design and concept created by Paul Stansifer.

Internal structures

Landmarks in the Wikipedia community, and the development of its organization, internal structures, and policies.
  • April 2001, Wales formally defines the "neutral point of view",<ref>NeutralPointOfView</ref> Wikipedia's core non-negotiable editorial policy,<ref>"A few things are absolute and non-negotiable, though. NPOV for example." in statement by Jimbo Wales in November 2003 and, in this thread reconfirmed by Jimbo Wales in April 2006 in the context of lawsuits.</ref> a reformulation of the "Lack of Bias" policy outlined by Sanger for Nupedia<ref>Nupedia.com editorial policy guidelines. Version 3.31 (Template:Date). Retrieved Template:Date.</ref> in spring or summer 2000, which covered many of the same core principles.<ref>"Nupedia articles are, in terms of their content, to be unbiased. There may be respectable reference works that permit authors to take recognizable stands on controversial issues, but this is not one of them ... "On every issue ... is it very difficult or impossible for the reader to determine what the view is to which the author adheres?" ... for each controversial view discussed, the author of an article (at a bare minimum) mention various opposing views that are taken seriously by any significant minority of experts (or concerned parties) on the subject ... In a final version of the article, every party to the controversy in question must be able to judge that its views have been fairly presented, or as fairly as is possible in a context in which other, opposing views must also be presented as fairly as possible." [6]</ref>
  • In September 2001, collaboration by subject matter in Template:Srlink is introduced.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_proposal</ref>
  • In February 2002, concerns over the risk of future censorship and commercialization by Bomis Inc (Wikipedia's original host) combined with a lack of guarantee this would not happen, led most participants of the Spanish Wikipedia to break away and establish it independently as the Enciclopedia Libre.<ref>'Why we are here and not in Wikipedia (in Spanish, under GFDL)</ref> Following clarification of Wikipedia's status and non-commercial nature later that year, re-merger talks between Enciclopedia Libre and the re-founded Spanish Wikipedia occasionally took place in 2002 and 2003, but no conclusion was reached. As of July 2007, the two continue to coexist as substantial Spanish language reference sources, with around 36,700 articles (EL) and 248,800 articles (Sp.W)<ref>http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:Statistics</ref> respectively.
  • Also in 2002, policy and style issues were clarified with the creation of the Manual of Style, along with a number of other policies and guidelines.<ref>First substantial edit to Wikipedia:Manual of Style, Wikipedia (Template:Date). Retrieved on Template:Date.</ref>
  • November 2002 - new mailing lists for WikiEN and Announce are set up, as well as other language mailing lists (eg Polish), to reduce the volume of traffic on mailing lists.[7]
  • In July 2003, the rule against editing your autobiography is introduced.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Autobiography&oldid=1220207</ref>
  • On Template:Date, the first "real" meeting of Wikipedians happened in Munich. Many cities followed suit, and soon a number of regular Wikipedian get-togethers were established around the world. Several Internet communities, including one on the popular blog website LiveJournal, have also sprung up since.
  • From Template:Date to Template:Date the Template:Srlink and Template:Srlink formerly on the Main Page were replaced by links to overviews. On Template:Date the Community Portal was started,<ref>"Wikipedia:Community Portal", Wikipedia. Retrieved on Template:Date.</ref> to serve as a focus for community efforts. These were previously accomplished on an informal basis, by individual queries of the Recent Changes, in wiki style, as ad-hoc collaborations between like-minded editors.
  • During September to December 2005 following the Seigenthaler controversy and other similar concerns,<ref name="Brandt" /> several anti-abuse features and policies were added to Wikipedia. These were:
  • In May 2006, a new "oversight" feature was introduced on the English Wikipedia, allowing a handful of highly trusted users to permanently erase page revisions containing copyright infringements or libelous or personal information from a page's history. Previous to this, page version deletion was laborious, and also deleted versions remained visible to other administrators and could be un-deleted by them.
  • On Template:Date, the subcommunity named Esperanza was disbanded by communal consent. Esperanza had begun as an effort to promote "wikilove" and a social support network, but had developed its own subculture and private structures.<ref>Esperanza organization disbanded after deletion discussion Template:Date</ref><ref name="Ezperanza">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:MFD/EA</ref> Its disbanding was described as the painful but necessary remedy for a project that had allowed editors to "see themselves as Esperanzans first and foremost".<ref name="Ezperanza" /> A number of Esperanza's subprojects (including coaching and stress alerts) were integrated back into Wikipedia as free-standing projects. When the group was founded in September 2005, there had been concerns expressed that it would eventually be condemned as such.<ref>New group aims to promote Wiki-Love Template:Date</ref>
  • In April 2007 the results of 4 months policy review by a working group of several hundred editors seeking to merge the core Wikipedia policies into one core policy (See: Wikipedia:Attribution) was polled for community support. The proposal did not gain consensus; a significant view became evident that the existing structure of three strong focused policies covering the respective areas of policy, was frequently seen as more helpful to quality control than one more general merged proposal.

The Wikimedia Foundation and legal structures

Legal and organizational structure of the Wikimedia Foundation, its executive, and its activities as a foundation.
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Projects and landmarks

Template:Main

Sister projects, and landmarks related to articles, user base, and other statistics.

Funding

External impact

"Wikipedia has sometimes suffered from the self-editing that is intrinsic to it, giving rise at times to potentially libellous statements. However, inherently, I cannot see that what is in Wikipedia is any less likely to be true than what is published in a book or on the websites of news organisations. [Formula One's lawyer] did not express any concerns about the Wikipedia evidence [presented by the plaintiff]. I consider that the evidence from Wikipedia can be taken at face value."

The case turned substantively upon evidence cited from Wikipedia in 2006 as to the usage and interpretation of the term "F1".</ref>

Effect of biographical articles

Because Wikipedia biographies are often updated as soon as new information comes to light, they are often used as a reference source on the lives of notable people. This has led to attempts to manipulate and falsify Wikipedia articles for promotional or defamatory purposes (see Controversies). It has also led to novel uses of the biographical material provided. Some notable people's lives are being affected by their Wikipedia biography.

Controversies

Politician Editing undertaken Sources
Marty Meehan Replacement with staff-written biography Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia
Norm Coleman Rewrite to make more favorable, claimed to be "correcting errors") {{
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Joe Biden Removal of unfavorable information Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia
Gil Gutknecht Staff rewrite and removal of information evidencing broken campaign promise.

(Multiple attempts)

On August 16 2006, the Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune reported that the office of Representative Gil Gutknecht tried twice — on Template:Date and Template:Date — to remove a 128-word section in the Wikipedia article on him, replacing it with a more flattering 315-word entry taken from his official congressional biography. Most of the removed text was about the 12-year term-limit Gutknecht imposed on himself in 1995 (Gutknecht ran for re-election in 2006, breaking his promise). A spokesman for Gutknecht did not dispute that his office tried to change his Wikipedia entry, but questioned the reliability of the encyclopedia. ("Gutknecht joins Wikipedia tweakers", Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune, Template:Date, accessed Template:Date) Template:Failed verification.

Multiple attempts, first using a named account, then an anonymous IP account.

</ref> In a separate but similar incident the campaign manager for Cathy Cox, Morton Brilliant, resigned after being found to have added negative information to the Wikipedia entries of political opponents.<ref>Information included the mention of an opponent's son's arrest in a fatal drunk driving accident, and the allegation of questionable business practices of another [13]. See article Morton Brilliant for detailed citations.</ref> Following media publicity, the incidents tapered off around August 2006.
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Notable forks and derivatives

See Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks for a partial list of Wikipedia mirrors and forks. No list of sites utilizing the software is maintained. A significant number of sites utilize the MediaWiki software and concept, popularized by Wikipedia.

Specialized foreign language forks using the Wikipedia concept include Enciclopedia Libre (Spanish), Wikiweise (German), WikiZnanie (Russian), Susning.nu (Swedish), and Baidu Baike (Chinese). Some of these (such as Enciclopedia Libre) use GFDL or compatible licenses as used by Wikipedia, leading to exchange of material with their respective language Wikipedias.

In 2006, Larry Sanger founds Citizendium, based upon a modified version of MediaWiki. It has expert-led top-down culture, the absence of which in Wikipedia he views as a major concern.<ref>Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia Template:Date</ref>

Publication on other media

The German Wikipedia was the first to be partly published also using other media (rather than online on the internet), including releases on CD in November 2004<ref>{{

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Lawsuits

In limited ways, the Wikimedia Foundation is protected by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. A similar law in France caused a lawsuit to be dismissed in October 2007.<ref>Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-11-05/French lawsuit Template:Date</ref>

Other notable occurrences

Early roles of Wales and Sanger

Both Wales and Sanger played important roles in the early stages of Wikipedia. Sanger initially brought the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and then, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.<ref name="Glyn Moody"/> Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia to which non-experts could contribute, i.e. Wikipedia. Sanger wrote, "To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine" (emphasis in original text). He also wrote, "Jimmy, of course, deserves enormous credit for investing in and guiding Wikipedia."<ref name="memoirofwiki">"The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir - Part I" and "Part II", Slashdot, April 2005. Retrieved on Template:Date. "The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities." —Larry Sanger.</ref> Wales stated in October 2001 that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software."<ref name="wikipedia-l-000671"> {{

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}}{{#if:It's kind of surprising that you could just open up a site and let people work," said Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's co-founder and the chief executive of Bomis, a San Diego search engine company that donates the computer resources for the project. "There's kind of this real social pressure to not argue about things." Instead, he said, "there's a general consensus among all of the really busy volunteers about what an encyclopedia article needs to be like.

 |.  "It's kind of surprising that you could just open up a site and let people work," said Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's co-founder and the chief executive of Bomis, a San Diego search engine company that donates the computer resources for the project. "There's kind of this real social pressure to not argue about things." Instead, he said, "there's a general consensus among all of the really busy volunteers about what an encyclopedia article needs to be like."

}}{{#if:It's kind of surprising that you could just open up a site and let people work," said Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's co-founder and the chief executive of Bomis, a San Diego search engine company that donates the computer resources for the project. "There's kind of this real social pressure to not argue about things." Instead, he said, "there's a general consensus among all of the really busy volunteers about what an encyclopedia article needs to be like.||.}} </ref> Wales later disputed this, stating, "He used to work for me [...] I don't agree with calling him a co-founder, but he likes the title."<ref name="James Niccolai">James Niccolai, Wikipedia taking on the vandals in Germany, PC Advisor, Template:Date.</ref> There is no evidence from before January 2004 of Wales disputing Sanger's status as co-founder.<ref>Bishop, Todd. (January 26, 2004) Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Microsoft Notebook: Wiki pioneer planted the seed and watched it grow. Section: Business; Page D1.</ref>

Today, Wales emphasizes this employer-employee relation and the fact that he was therefore the ultimate authority, to assert that this makes him the "sole founder," and Sanger cites earlier versions of Wikipedia pages (2004, 2006) and press releases (2002 - 2004), to demonstrate that media coverage articles from the time of his involvement routinely represent them as co-founders.<ref name="co-founders">{{

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}}{{#if:The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.

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Blocking of Wikipedia

Wikipedia has been blocked on some occasions by national authorities. To date these have related to the People's Republic of China, Iran, Tunisia, Uzbekistan and Syria.

Mainland China (multiple occasions)

Template:Main

The People's Republic of China and internet service providers in Mainland China have adopted a practice of blocking contentious Web sites in mainland China, and Wikimedia sites have been blocked multiple times in its history, sometimes all articles, and sometimes selectively by topic, region, language version, or ISP. Notable blocks include:

  1. June 2004: Access to the Chinese Wikipedia from Beijing blocked on the fifteenth anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Possibly related to this, on May 31 an article from the IDG News Service was published, discussing the Chinese Wikipedia's treatment of the protests.<ref>Chinese Build Free Net Encyclopedia</ref>
  2. September 2004: A second and less serious outage. Access to Wikipedia was erratic or unavailable to some users in mainland China — this block was not comprehensive and some users in mainland China were never affected. The exact reason for the block is unknown, but it may have been linked with the closing down of YTHT BBS, a popular Peking University-based BBS that was shut down a few weeks earlier for hosting overtly radical political discussions.Template:Fact
  3. October 2005 to around mid October 2006: For the first few days the English Wikipedia seems to have been unblocked in most provinces in China, while users were still unable to access the Chinese version in certain provinces, varying by ISP. By November, both versions seemed to be accessible in all provinces and by all ISPs. The end of the block coincided with the Chinese Wikipedia's 100,000th article milestone.<ref>Chart: Wikipedia access in China</ref><ref>Chinese Wikipedia now fully unblocked?</ref><ref>Friend in high place unblocks Wikipedia, Fortune Magazine</ref>

The first block had an effect on the vitality of Chinese Wikipedia, which suffered sharp dips in various indicators such as the number of new users, the number of new articles, and the number of edits. In some cases, it took anywhere from six to twelve months in order to recover to the levels of May 2004.

On Template:Date, the BBC reported that the Chinese Wikipedia had been unblocked that day in China; it had still been blocked the previous day. This came within the context of foreign journalists arriving in Beijing to report on the upcoming Olympic Games, and websites such as the Chinese edition of the BBC were being unblocked following talks between the International Olympic Committee and the Games' Chinese organisers.<ref>"Beijing unblocks BBC Chinese site", BBC, Template:Date</ref>

Syria

Access to Arabic Wikipedia was blocked between Template:Date and February 13, 2009 . (Other languages were accessible).

Tunisia

Wikimedia website was blocked for a few days in Tunisia (Template:Date - Template:Date).

United Kingdom

Template:Main On Template:Date, users in the United Kingdom were affected by a block of a page (Virgin Killer) and associated picture (Image:Virgin Killer.jpg), following a claim that the image was "potentially illegal" under the Protection of Children Act 1978. An estimated 95% of British users were affected by the block, which was put in place on the recommendation of the Internet Watch Foundation.<ref>{{

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Uzbekistan

Access to Uzbek Wikipedia was blocked in Uzbekistan on Template:Date<ref>Oʻzbekcha wikipedia yana yopildimi?(Uzbek)</ref>; the block was lifted Template:Date. This was the second time Wikipedia had been blocked in Uzbekistan; the first case was in 2007.

See also

References

Template:Cleanup-section Template:Reflist

External links

Wikipedia records and archives

Wikipedia's project files contain a large quantity of reference and archive material. Useful resources on Wikipedia history within Wikipedia are:
Historical summaries
Template:Selfref
Size and statistics
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Discussion and debate archives
Template:Selfref
Template:Selfref
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Other
Template:Selfref
Template:Selfref

Third party