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'''Analisi della voce [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Sanger&oldid=275340422 Larry Sanger] presa da en.wiki, 8 marzo 2009, ore 4:30'''
{{Infobox Person
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{{Navigazione|WikiGuide}}
|name=Lawrence Mark Sanger
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{{Navigazione2|Press Coverage}}
|image=L Sanger.jpg
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|image_size=160px
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|caption=Larry Sanger
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|birth_date={{birth date and age|mf=yes|1968|7|16}}
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|birth_place=[[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], [[Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]
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|occupation=Editor-in-Chief of [[Citizendium]]
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|website=<span class="plainlinks">[http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger]</span>
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}} '''Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger''' (born July 16, 1968<ref name="Enlightenment"/>) is an [[United States|American]] [[philosopher]], co-founder of [[Wikipedia]], and the creator of [[Encyclopedia#Free encyclopedia|encyclopedia]] [[Citizendium]].<ref name="Chillingworth"/><ref name="Anderson">{{cite news
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|first=Nate
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|last=Anderson
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|title=Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki
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|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel
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|publisher=[[Ars Technica]]
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|date=November 21, 2007
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|accessdate=2007-11-21
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|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Paul Jay">{{cite news
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|first=Paul
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|last=Jay
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|title=I, editor — The Wikipedia experiment
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|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/tech/wikipedia.html
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|work=
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|publisher=[[CBC News]]
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|date=April 19, 2007
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|accessdate=2008-02-05
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|quote=}}</ref>
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He grew up in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name="Chillingworth"/> From an early age he has been interested in philosophy.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> Sanger holds a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in philosophy from [[Reed College]] in 1991 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in philosophy from [[Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education"/> Most of his philosophical work has focused on [[epistemology]], the theory of knowledge.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/>
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==Frasi e appunti==
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'''Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger''' (classe 1968), dottore in epistemologia, è cofondatore di Wikipedia
  
He has been involved with various [[Internet encyclopedia project|online encyclopedia projects]].<ref name="Sidener"/> He is the former editor-in-chief of [[Nupedia]],<ref name="Mitch Nauffts">{{cite news
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Anchorage, Alaska, is right in the top left-hand corner of a map of the world. The remote city is where Larry Sanger spent his formative years, having been born in the state of Washington. (Information World Review, 27 novembre 2006)
|first=Mitch
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|last=Nauffts
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|title=5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium
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|url=http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/fivequestions/5q_item.jhtml?id=173900004
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|work=Foundation Center
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|publisher=Philanthropy News Digest
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|date=March 27, 2007
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|accessdate=2007-03-27
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|quote=}}</ref> chief organizer (2001-2002) of its successor, Wikipedia,<ref name="Glyn Moody"/> and [[editing#Executive editor|editor-in-chief]] of Citizendium.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire"/> From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.<ref name="Gouthro"/> During the early years of Wikipedia, he was the community leader<ref name="Bergstein"/> and established many of its original policies.<ref name="Stacy Schiff"/> He spearheaded an alternative [[wiki|wiki-based project]], Citizendium.<ref name="Rhys Blakely">{{cite news
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|first=Rhys
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|last=Blakely
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|title=Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts
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|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article2407123.ece
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|work=
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|publisher=[[The Times]]
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|date=September 7, 2007
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|accessdate=2008-02-05
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|quote=}}</ref>
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After departing from Wikipedia in 2002, Sanger became [[Criticism of Wikipedia|critical of Wikipedia]].<ref name="Australian IT"/> He articulated that despite the projects merits, the encyclopedia lacks [[credibility]] due to, among other things, its lack of respect for [[expertise]].<ref name="Jettison"/> In the interim, he taught philosophy at Ohio State University<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> and was an early strategist for the expert-authored [[Encyclopedia of Earth]].<ref name="Terdiman"/> On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia.<ref name="LaunchingPlan"/> It was launched on March 25, 2007.<ref name="Brian Bergstein"/> Citizendium represents an effort to become a credible encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson"/> Sanger aims to bring more accountability to the internet encyclopedia model.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire"/>
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era il primo capo editore di Nupedia. Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.
  
He presently serves [[full-time]] as the [[volunteer]] editor-in-chief of Citizendium<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire"/> and works [[part-time]] as a writer, speaker, and consultant on the topic of collaborative [[Virtual community|online communities]].<ref name="Internet Consulting">{{cite news
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After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia.
|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Consulting
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|url=http://larrysanger.org/consulting.html
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|work=
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|publisher=Larry Sanger
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|date=
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|accessdate=2008-08-10
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|quote=}}</ref>
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== Early life and education ==
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è stato capo organizzatore di Wikipedia (2001-2002) ed ha determinato molte delle policies iniziali.
  
Sanger was born in [[Bellevue, Washington]], and raised in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name="Chillingworth">{{cite news
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formulated much of the original policy, including "[[Wikipedia:en:Ignore all rules]]"
|first=Mark
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|last=Chillingworth
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|title=Expert edition
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|url=http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/features/2171366/expert-edition
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|publisher=[[Information World Review]]
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|date=November 27, 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=<small>Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.</small>}}</ref> When he was seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom.<ref name="Marshall Poe"/> At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> In high school, Sanger was asked, "What are you ever going to do with philosophy?" He said, "Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing."<ref name="Alan_Boraas">{{cite news
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|first=Alan
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|last=Boraas
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|title=Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary
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|url=http://www.adn.com/opinion/comment/boraas/story/8149406p-8041171c.html
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|work=
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|publisher=[[Anchorage Daily News]]
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|date=September 2, 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to [[Reed College]], [[academic major|majoring]] in philosophy.<ref name="Alan_Boraas"/> As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.<ref name="Wade_Roush">{{cite news
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|first=Wade
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|last=Roush
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|title=Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All
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|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/14071/?a=f
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|work=
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|publisher=[[Technology Review]]
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|date=January 2005
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."<ref name="Tutor-L">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities
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|url=http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/NH/95-09/95-09-01/0018.html
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|work=
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|publisher=Tutor-L
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|date=August 30, 1995
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list. The ''Association for Systematic Philosophy'', managed by Sanger, published a journal.<ref name="Association for Systematic Philosophy">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Association for Systematic Philosophy
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|url=http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/systemcharter
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|work=
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|publisher=Association for Systematic Philosophy
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|date=March 22, 1994
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening [[manifesto]]:
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<blockquote>"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears."<ref name="Marshall Poe">{{cite news
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|first=Marshall
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|last=Poe
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|title=The Hive
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|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2
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|publisher=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]
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|date=September 2006
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|page=2
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref></blockquote>
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He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[philosophy]] from [[Reed College]] in 1991, an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]] from [[Ohio State University]] in 1995, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Larry Sanger — Education
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|url=http://larrysanger.org/#Education
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|publisher=Larry Sanger
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|date=
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> His bachelor thesis is titled ''Descartes' methods and their theoretical background''<ref name="Sanger Works">{{cite news
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|first=
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|last=
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|title=Larry Sanger — Works
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|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger/Works
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|publisher=Citizendium
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|date=February 5, 2008
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|accessdate=2009-03-03
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|quote=}}</ref> and his doctoral thesis concerned ''Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification''.<ref name="Enlightenment">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification
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|url=http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/preamble.html
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|publisher=Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship
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|date=2000
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|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K]] watchers.<ref name="Y2K">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports
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|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20001025181634/http%3A//www.sangersreview.com/
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|publisher=sangersreview.com
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|date=
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref>
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== Nupedia and Wikipedia ==
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Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;
  
{{see|History of Wikipedia}}
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Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.
  
[[Nupedia]] was a [[World Wide Web#Publishing Web pages|Web-based]] encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.<ref name="Gouthro">{{cite news
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Nupedia shut down the following year in 2003.  
|first=Liane
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Nupedia was hailed as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.
|last=Gouthro
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|title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
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|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/
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|work=[[PC World (magazine)|PCWorld]]
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|publisher=[[CNN]]
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|date=March 14, 2000
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> It was founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and underwritten by [[Bomis]], with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.<ref name="Jonathan Sidener">{{cite news
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|first=Jonathan
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|last=Sidener
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|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia
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|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html
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|work=
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|publisher=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
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|date=December 6, 2004
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.<ref name="Gouthro"/> Articles were reviewed before being posted on the site.<ref name="Nate Lanxon"/> Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,<ref name="Buckeye">{{cite news
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|first=Lindsay
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|last=Betz
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|title=Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye
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|url=http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2007/06/01/Campus/Wikipedia.Formed.By.Former.Buckeye-2911006.shtml
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|work=The Lantern
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|publisher=[[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]]
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|date=June 1, 2007
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|accessdate=2007-06-01
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|quote=}}</ref> in January 2001 Sanger proposed a [[wiki]] be created to spur article development,<ref name="lets_make_a_wiki"/><ref name="wikipedia-l-000671">{{cite news
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|first=Jimmy
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|last=Wales
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|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html
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|title=LinkBacks?
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|date=October 30, 2001
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|format=Email
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|work=wikipedia-l archives
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|publisher=[[Bomis]]
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|date=October 30, 2001
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> and the result of this proposal was [[Wikipedia]],<ref name="MarshallPoe">{{cite news
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|first=Marshall
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|last=Poe
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|title=The Hive
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|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/
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|publisher=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]
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|date=September 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=<small>Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Wikipedia." Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me," he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes." And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.</small>}}</ref> officially launched on January 15, 2001.<ref name="Noam Cohen">{{cite news
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|first=Noam
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|last=Cohen
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|title=Wikipedia
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|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html?inline=nyt-org
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|work=
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|publisher=[[The New York Times]]
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|date=October 18, 2007
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|accessdate=2008-02-05
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|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Leslie Walker">{{cite news
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|first=Leslie
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|last=Walker
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|title=Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way
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|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5430-2004Sep8.html/?nav=yb-te1
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|work=
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|publisher=[[Washington Post]]
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|date=September 9, 2004
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|accessdate=2008-02-05
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|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Tony Long">{{cite news
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|first=Tony
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|last=Long
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|title=Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Wikipedia, for Better ''and'' Worse
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|url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0115
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|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
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|publisher=[[Wired News]]
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|date=January 15, 2008
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|accessdate=2008-02-05
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|quote=}}</ref> By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "[[Ignore all rules]]"<ref name="Ignore_all_rules">{{cite news
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|first=
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|last=
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|title=Rules To Consider
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|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider
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|work=Ignore all rules
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|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]
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|date=
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> and "Neutral point of view."<ref name="Neutral_point_of_view">{{cite news
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|first=
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|last=
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|title=History of NPOV
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|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#History_of_NPOV
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|work=Neutral point of view
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|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
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|date=
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Stacy Schiff"/> Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;<ref name="Stacy Schiff">{{cite news
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|first=Stacy
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|last=Schiff
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|title=Know It All
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|url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact
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|work=Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?
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|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]
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|date=July 31, 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.<ref name="my resignation">{{cite news
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|first=Larry
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|last=Sanger
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|title=My resignation--Larry Sanger
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|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger
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|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation|Meta-Wiki]]
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|date=March 1, 2002
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=}}</ref> Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.<ref name="my resignation"/> Nupedia shut down the following year in 2003.<ref name="Susan Youngwood">{{cite news
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|first=Susan
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|last=Youngwood
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|title=Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?
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|url=http://vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070401/FEATURES/70330002
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|work=Vermont Sunday Magazine
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|publisher=[[Rutland Herald]]
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|date=April 1, 2007
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|accessdate=2007-04-01
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|quote=}}</ref> Nupedia was hailed as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.<ref name="Nate Lanxon">{{cite news
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|first=Nate
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|last=Lanxon
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|title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters
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|url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0,39029477,49296926-5,00.htm
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|publisher=[[CNET]]
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|date=2008-06-05
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|page=5
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|accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref>
+
  
=== Origins of Wikipedia ===
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After departing from Wikipedia in 2002, Sanger became critical of Wikipedia. He articulated that despite the projects merits, the encyclopedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, its lack of respect for expertise
  
Wales, who is the current ''[[de facto]]'' leader of Wikipedia,<ref name="Holden Frith">{{cite news
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Wales began to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.
|first=Holden
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|last=Frith
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|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article1571519.ece
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|title=Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia
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|publisher=[[The Times]]
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|date=March 26, 2007
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|accessdate=2007-03-27
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|quote=<small>Wikipedia's de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format.</small>}}</ref> began to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.<ref name="Dan_Mitchell">
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{{cite news
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|first=Dan
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|last=Mitchell
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|title=Insider Editing at Wikipedia
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|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/24online.ready.html?ex=1293080400&en=431aff478b00239e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
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|publisher=[[The New York Times]]
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|date=December 24, 2005
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quotes=}}</ref><ref name="ref name="Evan Hansen">{{cite news
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|last=Hansen
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|first=Evan
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|title=Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio
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|url=http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,69880,00.html
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|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
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|publisher=[[Wired News]]
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|date=December 19, 2005
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quotes=}}<small>"I must say I am amused," Sanger wrote in a posting on Wikipedia on Monday. "Having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out."</small></ref><ref name="Seth Finkelstein">{{cite news
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|first=Seth
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|last=Finkelstein
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|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/12/wiki-answers-wikia
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|title=What's in a name? Everything, when you're talking wiki value
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|publisher=[[The Guardian]]
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|date=February 12, 2009
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|accessdate=2009-02-12
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|quote=}}</ref> Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.<ref name="Sanger-NYTimes"/> Sanger was introduced to wikis at a January 2, 2001 dinner with [[History of Wikipedia#Formulation of the concept|Ben Kovitz]], a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's [[WikiWikiWeb|wiki]].<ref name="Sidener">{{cite news
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|first=Jonathan
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|last=Sidener
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|title=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy
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|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html
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|work=
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|publisher=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
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|date=September 23, 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=<small>The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.}}</small></ref><ref name="Glyn Moody">{{cite news
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|first=Glyn
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|last=Moody
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|url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html
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|title=This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts
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|publisher=[[The Guardian]]
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|date=July 13, 2006
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
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|quote=<small>Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Wikipedia.</small>}}</ref> Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz">{{cite news
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|first=
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|last=
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|title=Ben Kovitz
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|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz
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|work=
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|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]
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|date=
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|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}<small>[[User:BenKovitz|Ben Kovitz]] wrote on his Wikipedia user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Wikipedia, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias ''and'' make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost ''never'' happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."</small></ref> Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.<ref name="lets make a wiki">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
+
|format=Email
+
|work=Nupedia-l mailing list
+
|publisher=[[Nupedia]]
+
|title=Let's make a wiki
+
|date=January 10, 2001
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki"<ref name="lets make a wiki"/> and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."<ref name="WikiPedia">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=WikiPedia
+
|url=http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiPedia
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]
+
|date=
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Marshall-Poe">{{cite news
+
|first=Marshall
+
|last=Poe
+
|title=The Hive
+
|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3
+
|publisher=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]
+
|date=September 2006
+
|page=3
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}<small>Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."</small></ref> Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia that "non-experts" could contribute to, i.e., the Nupedia.<ref name="memoirofwiki"/> Wales mentioned that he heard of the wiki concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld,<ref name="Wired News">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness
+
|url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium
+
|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
+
|publisher=[[Wired News]]
+
|date=May 3, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-11-01
+
|quote=}}</ref> though he said earlier, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software."<ref name="wikipedia-l-000671"/> In fact, Sanger "came up with the name 'Wikipedia', a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."<ref name="memoirofwiki"/> In response to Wales' view of his role in Wikipedia, Sanger posted on his personal webpage a collection of links which seemingly confirms his co-founder honorary appellation.<ref name="Bergstein">{{cite news
+
|first=Brian
+
|last=Bergstein
+
|title=Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia
+
|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/
+
|work=[[MSNBC]]
+
|publisher=[[Associated Press]]
+
|date=March 25, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=<small>The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.</small>}}</ref><ref name="SangerLinks">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|url=http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html
+
|title=My role in Wikipedia (links)
+
|work=larrysanger.org
+
|publisher=Larry Sanger
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> For example, Sanger provided evidence that he is a co-founder of Wikipedia, by referencing earlier versions of Wikipedia pages,<ref name="Wikipedia Article History">{{cite news
+
|title=History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&dir=prev&offset=20040119212409&limit=500&action=history
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=June 2004
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="History of Wikipedia Article History">{{cite news
+
|title=History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=August 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Larry Sanger Article History">{{cite news
+
|title=History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Sanger&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=August 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Jimmy Wales Article History">{{cite news
+
|title=History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&offset=20040909053247&limit=500&action=history
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=September 2004
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> citing press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002 - 2004,<ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2002">{{cite news
+
|title=Free Encyclopedia Project, Wikipedia, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Wikipedia 2002 Press release)
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002
+
|work=describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders"
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=January 15, 2002
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2003">{{cite news
+
|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article (Wikipedia 2003 Press release)
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003
+
|work=stating Sanger and Wales founded the site
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=January 21, 2003
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Official Wikipedia Press Release of 2004">{{cite news
+
|title=Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Wikipedia 2004 Press release)
+
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/February_2004
+
|work=describes Sanger as a founder
+
|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]
+
|date=February 25, 2004
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> and asserting that early media coverage articles<ref name="Sanger-NYTimes">{{cite news
+
|first=Peter
+
|last=Meyers
+
|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You
+
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software
+
|publisher=[[The New York Times]]
+
|date=September 20, 2001
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}<small>"I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.</small></ref><ref name="Judy Heim">{{cite news
+
|first=Judy
+
|last=Heim
+
|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/12586/?a=f
+
|title=Free the Encyclopedias!
+
|publisher=[[Technology Review]]
+
|date=September 4, 2001
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Kendra Mayfield">{{cite news
+
|first=Kendra
+
|last=Mayfield
+
|title=Not Your Father's Encyclopedia
+
|url=http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/01/57364
+
|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
+
|publisher=[[Wired News]]
+
|date=January 28, 2003
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="SangerLinks"/> In review, Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="memoirofwiki">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
+
|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9
+
|work=[[SourceForge]]
+
|publisher=[[Slashdot]]
+
|date=April 18, 2005
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=<small>The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.</small>}}<small>&mdash;Larry Sanger.</small><br/>&nbsp;•
+
{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II
+
|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95
+
|work=[[SourceForge]]
+
|publisher=[[Slashdot]]
+
|date=April 19, 2005
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Michael Singer">{{cite news
+
|first=Michael
+
|last=Singer
+
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030316082912/siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641
+
|title=Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One
+
|work=[[Jupitermedia]]
+
|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]
+
|date=January 16, 2002
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=<small>Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.</small>}}</ref> During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein"/><ref name="Sanger-NYTimes"/><ref name="SangerLinks"/> Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a [[History of Wikipedia#Early roles of Wales and Sanger|co-founder]].<ref name="Wikipedia co-foundership references">{{cite news
+
|first=Ben
+
|last=Hammersley
+
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030618043804/www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,884666,00.html
+
|title=Common knowledge
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[The Guardian]]
+
|date=January 30, 2003
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}<br/>&nbsp;•
+
{{cite news
+
|first=Stefanie
+
|last=Olsen
+
|url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+co-founder+plans+expert+rival/2100-1038_3-6126469.html
+
|title=Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival
+
|date=October 16, 2006
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[CNET]]
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}<br/>&nbsp;•
+
{{cite news
+
|first=Steve
+
|last=Tally
+
|url=http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2006/060320.Matei.Sanger.html
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Purdue University|Purdue University News Service]]
+
|date=March 20, 2006
+
|title=Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}<br/>&nbsp;•
+
{{cite news
+
|first=Natali T
+
|last=Del Conte
+
|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222922,00.html
+
|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'
+
|date=October 20, 2006
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]
+
|accessdate =2007-03-25}}<br/>&nbsp;•
+
{{cite news
+
|first=Andy
+
|last=Carvin
+
|title=Wikipedia’s New Competition: Citizendium
+
|url=http://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2007/04/wikipedias_new_competition_cit_1.html
+
|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]
+
|date=April 10, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-10-04
+
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="JayLyman">{{cite news
+
|first=Jay
+
|last=Lyman
+
|url=http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html?wlc=1235722017
+
|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site
+
|work=LinuxInsider
+
|publisher=ECT News Network
+
|date=September 20, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Marie Boran">{{cite news
+
|first=Marie
+
|last=Boran
+
|url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single8794
+
|title=Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder
+
|publisher=Silicon Republic
+
|date=July 16, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-07-16
+
|quote=<small>Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.</small>}}</ref> Wikipedia became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia,<ref name="Joe Blundo">{{cite news
+
|first=Joe
+
|last=Blundo
+
|title=Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'
+
|url=http://www.columbusdispatch.com/dispatch/content/life/stories/2007/04/26/1A_BLUN26.ART_ART_04-26-07_F1_IN6FBH8.html
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]
+
|date=April 26, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-04-26
+
|quote=}}</ref> originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.<ref name="MarshallPoe"/>
+
  
== After Wikipedia ==
+
È creatore di [[Wikipedia:en:Citizendium|en:Citizendium]]: October 23, 2006 (pilot), March 25, 2007 (public)
  
After Sanger parted ways with Wikipedia in 2002 he became [[Criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]].<ref name="Australian IT">{{cite news
+
Crede in una struttura più piramidale dell'esperto. ([[Wikipedia_-_Press_Coverage/2007#CBC_News.2C_19_aprile_2007|CBC News, 19 aprile 2007]])
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=Wikipedia founder sets up rival
+
|url=http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,20605798-15336,00.html
+
|publisher=Australian IT
+
|date=October 19, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website [[Kuro5hin]], in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.<ref name="Jettison">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
+
|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25
+
|publisher=[[Kuro5hin]]
+
|date=December 31, 2004
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> While stating "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, [[Troll (Internet)|trolls]], and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems, he maintained, were a feature of the project's "[[anti-elitism]], or lack of respect for expertise."<ref name="Jettison"/> The article was the subject of much controversy in the [[blogosphere]], and led to some reaction in the news media as well.<ref name="Daniel H Pink">{{cite news
+
|first=Daniel H
+
|last=Pink
+
|title=The Book Stops Here
+
|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html
+
|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
+
|publisher=[[Wired News]]
+
|date=March 2005
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Daniel Terdiman">{{cite news
+
|first=Daniel
+
|last=Terdiman
+
|title=Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe
+
|url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedias+co-founder+eyes+a+Digital+Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html
+
|publisher=[[CNET]]
+
|date=January 6, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref>
+
  
Sanger, a philosophy instructor,<ref name="Rachel Aviv">{{cite news
+
==Articoli rilevanti==
|first=Rachel
+
|last=Aviv
+
|title=Mondo Wikipedia
+
|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/0602,aviv,71632,12.html
+
|publisher=[[The Village Voice]]
+
|date=January 10, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> began work as a lecturer at [[Ohio State University]], where he taught [[philosophy]] until June 2005.<ref name="Wade_Roush"/> His professional interests are [[epistemology]] (in particular), [[17th century philosophy|early modern philosophy]], and [[ethics]].<ref name="Wade_Roush"/><ref name="Alan_Boraas"/> In his spare time, he plays and teaches [[music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]] on the [[Musical styles (violin)#Fiddle|fiddle]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]], and also manages a site about the [[Donegal fiddle tradition]].<ref name="Donegal fiddle music">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle
+
|url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6464/hmpg.html
+
|publisher=[[GeoCities]]
+
|date=
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref>
+
  
In December 2005, [[Digital Universe|Digital Universe Foundation]] announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.<ref name="DigitalUniverse">{{cite news
+
* Kuro5hin, 30 dicembre 2004
|url=http://www.dufoundation.org/foundation-bios.php#sanger
+
* Wired, 2 marzo 2005
|title=Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs
+
* Wired, 19 dicembre 2005
|work=
+
**The New York Times, 24 dicembre 2005 (vignetta)
|publisher=[[Digital Universe]]
+
**Workbench, 19 dicembre 2005 (blog originale)
|date=
+
* The Guardian, 13 luglio 2006
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.<ref name="Digital_Universe">{{cite news
+
* The New Yorker, 31 luglio 2006
|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-17-2006/0004262149&EDATE=
+
* History channel?, 19. October 2006
|title=Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'
+
* Information World Review, 27 novembre 2006
|work=[[PR Newswire]]
+
* Philanthropy News Digest, March 27, 2007
|publisher=[[Digital Universe]]
+
* CBC News, 19 aprile 2007
|date=January 17, 2006
+
* The Ohio State University, 1 giugno 2007
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref><ref name="Contributor: Sanger">{{cite news
+
* The Times, 7 settembre 2007
|url=http://www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger
+
* Athlantic Monthly, settembre 2006 (The Hive)
|title=Contributor: Lawrence Sanger
+
|work=[[Digital Universe]]
+
|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]
+
|date=
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the expert-authored and edited [[Encyclopedia of Earth]],<ref name="Terdiman">{{cite news
+
|first=Daniel
+
|last=Terdiman
+
|url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+alternative+aims+to+be+PBS+of+the+Web/2100-1038_3-5999200.html
+
|title=Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[CNET]]
+
|date=December 19, 2005
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> an electronic reference about the [[Earth]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Earth">{{cite news
+
|url=http://www.eoearth.org/eoe/about
+
|title=About the EoE
+
|work=[[Digital Universe]]
+
|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]]
+
|date=
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref>
+
  
In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.<ref name="Text and Collaboration">{{cite news
+
==Link rilevanti==
|first=Larry
+
* http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html
|last=Sanger
+
* http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger
|url=http://textop.org/TextAndCollaboration.html
+
* http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351
|title=Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project
+
* [[Wikipedia:en:User:BenKovitz|en:User:BenKovitz]]
|work=
+
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expertise
|publisher=The Text Outline Project
+
* [[Wikipedia:Meta:My_resignation--Larry_Sanger|Meta:My_resignation--Larry_Sanger]], March 1, 2002
|date=April 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref>
+
  
At the [[Wizards of OS]] conference in September 2006, Sanger announced [[Citizendium]], a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork are to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences will be no anonymous editing — every author/editor will have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors, and to aspire to be a "real encyclopedia."<ref name="Dossier Open Source">{{cite news
+
==Mail,...==
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=Next Wikipedia, take a right
+
|url=http://www.bpb.de/themen/KD5Y51,0,0,Next_Wikipedia_take_a_right.html
+
|work=Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger
+
|publisher=Dossier Open Source
+
|date=
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the [[FAQ]].<ref name="FAQ">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=''Citizendium'' FAQ
+
|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:FAQ
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[Citizendium]]
+
|date=March 25, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> The initial fork is of the English language Wikipedia.<ref name="Ken Fisher">{{cite news
+
|first=Ken
+
|last=Fisher
+
|title=New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?
+
|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060919-7775.html
+
|publisher=[[Ars Technica]]
+
|date=September 19, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.<ref name="Citizendium">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=Citizendium
+
|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Citizendium
+
|publisher=[[Citizendium]]
+
|date=March 25, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> On September 27, 2006 Sanger announced that he would take a leave of absence from Digital Universe "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."<ref name="LaunchingPlan">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|title=Citizendium launch plan as of September 26
+
|url=https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2006-September/000476.html
+
|work=
+
|publisher=Citizendium-l mail list
+
|date=September 27, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref> In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for [[electronic learning|education online]]. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."<ref name="Education 2.0">{{cite news
+
|first=Larry
+
|last=Sanger
+
|title=Education 2.0
+
|url=http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644
+
|work=[[Egon Zehnder International]]
+
|publisher=The Focus Online
+
|date=June 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-06-01
+
|quote=<small>The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet.</small>}}</ref> In 2008, Sanger was at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." The discussion included whether the internet was democratising the creation and distribution of knowledge.<ref name="Andrew Keen">{{cite news
+
|first=Andrew
+
|last=Keen
+
|title=Andrew Keen on New Media
+
|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html
+
|work=
+
|publisher=[[The Independent]]
+
|date=June 2, 2008
+
|accessdate=2008-06-08
+
|quote=}}</ref>
+
  
== Citizendium launched ==
+
* http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html
 +
 
 +
==Da fare==
 +
 
 +
[[Encyclopedia of Earth]].<ref name="Terdiman"/>
  
{{main|Citizendium}}
 
  
[[File:Citizendium.png|right|thumb|size:160px|The Citizendium homepage with default format on April 4, 2008.]]
 
  
On March 25, 2007, Citizendium, ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.<ref name="We have launched">{{cite news
 
|first=Larry
 
|last=Sanger
 
|title=We have launched
 
|url=http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/25/we-have-launched/
 
|work=
 
|publisher=[[Citizendium|Citizendium Blog]]
 
|date=March 25, 2007
 
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> The launch coincided with a [[feature story|feature-length]] [[Associated Press]] article that ran widely, with a title in ''[[USA Today]]'' of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."<ref name="Brian Bergstein">{{cite news
 
|first=Brian
 
|last=Bergstein
 
|title=Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia
 
|url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/2007-03-25-wikipedia-alternative_N.htm
 
|work=[[USA Today]]
 
|publisher=[[Associated Press]]
 
|date=March 25, 2007
 
|accessdate=2007-03-25
 
|quote=<small>This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.</small/>}}</ref> Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a [[British monarchy|British monarch]],<ref name="Tom McNichol">{{cite news
 
|first=Tom
 
|last=McNichol
 
|title=Building a Wiki World
 
|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/index.htm?postversion=2007022710
 
|work=[[Business 2.0]]
 
|publisher=[[CNN]]
 
|date=March 1, 2007
 
|accessdate=2007-03-25}}<small>"I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.</small></ref> Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and in 2007 announced his intention to step off the leadership team in two or three years.<ref name="Nate Anderson">{{cite news
 
|first=Nate
 
|last=Anderson
 
|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia
 
|url=http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars
 
|publisher=[[Ars Technica]]
 
|date=February 25, 2007
 
|accessdate=2007-03-25
 
|quote=<small>Citizendium currently has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50-75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Wikipedia.</small>}}</ref>
 
  
Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."<ref name="Iain Thomson">{{cite news
+
 
|first=Iain
+
== Citizendium launched ==
|last=Thomson
+
 
|title=Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder
+
In reference to creating a new encyclopedia project Sanger stated: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."<ref name="Christopher Dawson">{{cite news
|url=http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2187709/wikipedia-broken-beyond-repair
+
|publisher=[[Information World Review]]
+
|date=April 13, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref> Sanger stated in part:
+
<blockquote>"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."<ref name=JayLyman/></blockquote>
+
Citizendium has a form of [[peer review|peer-review]], reviewed by [[expert]]s.<ref name="Brian Heater">{{cite news
+
|first=Brian
+
|last=Heater
+
|title=Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger
+
|url=http://www.appscout.com/2007/01/qa_with_citizendium_creator_dr_1.php
+
|work=AppScout
+
|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]
+
|date=January 26, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Orlowski">{{cite news
+
|first=Andrew
+
|last=Orlowski
+
|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/
+
|title=Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia
+
|work=More experts, less fiddling?
+
|publisher=[[The Register]]
+
|date=September 18, 2006
+
|accessdate=2007-03-25
+
|quote=<small>Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.</small>}}</ref><ref name="AP CNN">{{cite news
+
|first=
+
|last=
+
|title=Use with caution: The perils of Wikipedia
+
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/11/02/perils.wikipedia/
+
|work=[[Associated Press]]
+
|publisher=[[CNN]]
+
|date=November 4, 2007
+
|accessdate=2007-11-04
+
|quote=}}</ref> In reference to creating a new encyclopedia project Sanger stated: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."<ref name="Christopher Dawson">{{cite news
+
 
|first=Christopher
 
|first=Christopher
 
|last=Dawson
 
|last=Dawson
Riga 1 001: Riga 269:
 
== Selected writings ==
 
== Selected writings ==
  
A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:<ref name="Larry_Sanger">{{cite news
 
|first=Larry
 
|last=Sanger
 
|title=Larry Sanger
 
|url=http://larrysanger.org/
 
|work=Welcome to my personal site!
 
|publisher=Larry Sanger
 
|date=
 
|accessdate=2007-10-04
 
|quote=}}</ref>
 
 
;Academic work
 
* Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.<ref name="Sanger Works"/>
 
* Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.<ref name="Enlightenment"/>
 
 
;Essays
 
* [http://www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/E1742360008000543 The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia] (160k PDF). ''Episteme - Edinburgh University Press'', February 2009.
 
 
* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge]. ''Edge Foundation'' - Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
 
* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge]. ''Edge Foundation'' - Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
 
* [http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644 Education 2.0]. ''The Focus Online'', June 2007.
 
* [http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644 Education 2.0]. ''The Focus Online'', June 2007.
Riga 1 024: Riga 275:
 
* [http://edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html#sanger Humanity's Coming Enlightenment]. ''Edge Foundation'' - World Question Center, 2007.
 
* [http://edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html#sanger Humanity's Coming Enlightenment]. ''Edge Foundation'' - World Question Center, 2007.
 
* [http://www.dufoundation.org/downloads/Article_2006_01.pdf The Future of Free Information]. ''The Digital Universe Journal'', 2006.
 
* [http://www.dufoundation.org/downloads/Article_2006_01.pdf The Future of Free Information]. ''The Digital Universe Journal'', 2006.
 
;Presentations
 
* [http://larrysanger.org/scholar_pub.html What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing]. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of ''Society for Scholarly Publishing'', San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
 
* [http://www.citizendium.org/collab_prof.html How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals]. Keynote at the ''Handelsblatt IT Congress'', Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
 
* [http://www.citizendium.org/roomforexperts.html Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?]. Opening keynote at the SDForum, ''The Business of New Media'', Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.
 
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
== External links ==
 
 
{{wikinews|Larry Sanger announces Wikipedia fork}}
 
* [http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger] - Sanger's personal website.
 
* [[User:Larry Sanger]] - Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 User:Larry Sanger] - An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
 
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger User:Larry Sanger - Meta-Wikimedia] - "Possibly outdated," he says.
 
* [http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/index.html Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification] - index.
 
* [[User:Larry Sanger/Larry's Text|Introductory philosophy lectures]] - From Sanger's 1998 course at Ohio State University which have been greatly edited.
 
* [http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/11/ Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium] - Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.
 
 
{{Wikipediahistory}}
 
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanger, Larry}}
 
[[Category:1968 births]]
 
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
 
[[Category:American bloggers]]
 
[[Category:American philosophers]]
 
[[Category:History of Wikipedia]]
 
[[Category:Living people]]
 
[[Category:Ohio State University alumni]]
 
[[Category:People from Bellevue, Washington]]
 
[[Category:People from Anchorage, Alaska]]
 
[[Category:Reed College alumni]]
 
[[Category:Wikipedia people]]
 
[[Category:Critics of Wikipedia]]
 
 
[[ar:لاري سانجر]]
 
[[be-x-old:Лары Сэнгер]]
 
[[ca:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[ceb:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[cs:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[da:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[de:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[es:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[fa:لری اسناگر]]
 
[[fr:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[ko:래리 생거]]
 
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[[ja:ラリー・サンガー]]
 
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[[ru:Сэнгер, Лоуренс Марк]]
 
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[[th:แลร์รี แซงเจอร์]]
 
[[vi:Larry Sanger]]
 
[[uk:Сенгер Ларрі]]
 
[[zh:拉里·桑格]]
 

Versione attuale delle 04:41, 23 mar 2009

Analisi della voce Larry Sanger presa da en.wiki, 8 marzo 2009, ore 4:30

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Frasi e appunti

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (classe 1968), dottore in epistemologia, è cofondatore di Wikipedia

Anchorage, Alaska, is right in the top left-hand corner of a map of the world. The remote city is where Larry Sanger spent his formative years, having been born in the state of Washington. (Information World Review, 27 novembre 2006)

era il primo capo editore di Nupedia. Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.

After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia.

è stato capo organizzatore di Wikipedia (2001-2002) ed ha determinato molte delle policies iniziali.

formulated much of the original policy, including "Wikipedia:en:Ignore all rules"

Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;

Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.

Nupedia shut down the following year in 2003. Nupedia was hailed as one of the greatest defunct websites in history.

After departing from Wikipedia in 2002, Sanger became critical of Wikipedia. He articulated that despite the projects merits, the encyclopedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, its lack of respect for expertise

Wales began to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.

È creatore di en:Citizendium: October 23, 2006 (pilot), March 25, 2007 (public)

Crede in una struttura più piramidale dell'esperto. (CBC News, 19 aprile 2007)

Articoli rilevanti

  • Kuro5hin, 30 dicembre 2004
  • Wired, 2 marzo 2005
  • Wired, 19 dicembre 2005
    • The New York Times, 24 dicembre 2005 (vignetta)
    • Workbench, 19 dicembre 2005 (blog originale)
  • The Guardian, 13 luglio 2006
  • The New Yorker, 31 luglio 2006
  • History channel?, 19. October 2006
  • Information World Review, 27 novembre 2006
  • Philanthropy News Digest, March 27, 2007
  • CBC News, 19 aprile 2007
  • The Ohio State University, 1 giugno 2007
  • The Times, 7 settembre 2007
  • Athlantic Monthly, settembre 2006 (The Hive)

Link rilevanti

Mail,...

Da fare

Encyclopedia of Earth.<ref name="Terdiman"/>



Citizendium launched

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Citizendium v. Wikipedia

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}}{{#if:||.}} </ref> In an interview with CNET News in 2007 Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:

"I think we absolutely need another wiki--first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It's a good starting place, as people say--on some subjects anyway--but it isn't really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don't think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that's really reliable."<ref name="Neha Tiwari">{{

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 </ref>

While Citizendium is wiki-based, several aspects set it apart from Wikipedia.<ref name="Holden Frith"/><ref name="Justin Appel">{{

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Selected writings

References

Template:Reflist